Trade unions in China Essay Example

Trade unions in China Essay Example Trade unions in China Essay Trade unions in China Essay Trade unions in China Introduction China is one of the developed countries in the world. Besides, it has a large population which implies that the labor force is significant. It has recorded a fast growing economy. With the high growth of the economy, many jobs are available in China. Due to the increase in the labor force in the country, people migrate from the rural areas to the urban for employment.With the many employees and increase in the work force, there is a need for a labor union to help fight for the rights of workers (Budd 2000). For example, staffs at the Tesco Company foresaw the closure of the business due to its poor performance in the market; this was after it began issuing goods at discount rates. The workers demanded their pay, but the bosses closed down the business during the night and flew with their salaries and benefits. It is the more reason the China employees indulge in the trade unions as they help protect their rights (Kaufman 2004). This paper will focus on the labor unions in China. It will outline the history of the unions. Also, it will review its impact they have on employees and finally the limitations the unions have in protecting the workers (Budd 2000). History of the unions All trade unions in China are governed by one governing body known as All-China Federation of Trade Unions.It was formed in 1925. Its aim was to represent the rights and interests of all other small unions in the country collectively. The trade unions are based in various industrial centers. The registration is open to all income earners including the high and the low earners.The industrial centers are differentiated according to the activities practiced. The primary classification includes the Agriculture field, Husbandry, Forestry, mining manufacturing, construction and tertiary-based industries (Kaufman 2004). To register in the unions is through free will. However, the social benefits that come along with the membership ignite pressure to citizens to join the unions. The unions operate at different levels. The smallest level belongs to the enterprise committee. They represent all employees working for small business. The next level is a provincial level where it is characterized by individual working in the same area. They may be operating at the county level, municipal or the provincial level. The highest level is the All-China Federation of Trade Union. It collectively represents all the trade unions (Lee 2007). In China, the trade unions are a right movement. However, unlike in the western countries where the labor unions have several different organization structures, in China there exists just one structure of the union. It is the hierarchical structure. All the unions are governed by a significant ACFTU movement. The action ensures that there is no competition among the unions and that they serve the citizens at a fair range. Moreover, the Chinese unions are not self-governing unlike the unions of the western countries. They are managed by the Chinese Communist Party, who is partially sponsored by the companies and the Chinese government. The unions do not allow staffs to strike. Thus, they are not protected on discrimination and privileges denial once they participate in attacks (Kaufman 2004). Roles of labor unions Unions act as a go-between of employees and employers. They protect the workers rights that may be violated by the companies. Their main aim is to enhance social peace between the two parties.They represent the interest of employees in the labor force. They fight for factors that affect the employee such as the wage rate, benefits to the worker the type of contracts the staffs sign with their employers. They ensure that the employees are compensated and that they are well covered with the right insurance cover. The benefit covers include a medical cover, pension and other protections related to health care (Barth 2012). Secondly, the unions intervene when the workers sign contracts with their employer. Most of the staff migrates from the rural to the urban areas in search of labor. Most of the private organizations may undermine the rights of the workers in the contracts. Therefore, the labor unions intervene. They help those migrants who do not understand the contracts. Thirdly the labor unions support organizations to improve the energy production from the staffs. It is achieved through advocating for bonuses for the work performed by the workers. The workers aim high to be rewarded the bonuses. Workers are highly motivated by the bonus pay (Lee 2007). The unions also look into other social payment such as overtime payment, working over hours. Through this the staffs are encouraged to work even part-time and more hours. The production level increases which leads to the company earning more profits. With rise in profit level the government earns more revenues from taxes. The economy status rises higher. With increase in profits and bonus the workers living standards improve and the economy of the state increases too. The relationship between the employee and the employer is improved. Unions aim at creating harmony within the two parties (Barth 2012). It ensures that both sides are in agreement. The unions come in during contracts signing and negotiations between the company and the staffs. The unions work towards ensuring that their rights are exercised and for the company, the unions ensure that the workers deliver production maximization (Kaufman 2004). The unions help harmonies the wage rate of the citizens.Wage has been ranked differently leaving inequalities. Some companies may tend to raise the pay rate of the higher class workers leaving, the lower class people and the middle class. Moreover, the differentiation between the wages rate of the white collar jobs and the blue collar. The union fights for the standardization of these jobs. In some cases, it argues that wage rates should be determined by the productivity of the worker. Furthermore, the unions help protect the citizen from working in hazard places. Firms have been motivated to improve the working condition of the employees. For the dangers that cannot be controlled, the companies have ensured protection through insurance covers such as work insurance (Kaufman 2004). Other roles that the unions have played include representation the labor laws and the rules that govern in employment act (Barth 2012). This labor law includes compensations and payment of the overtime worked hours. Additionally, the law that advocates vacations holidays and relief for staff are emphasized and protected by trade unions in China. The aim of the unions is to ensure the drafted legislation and rights of employees are exercised. The unions work with the firms to ensure maximization of production. The unions set rules that limit the staffs. These rules are to ensure that the workers deliver the best and ensure they exercise discipline in their due course work (Barth 2012). Workers are bound to follow the code of standard exercised by the union. The unions have an obligation to the government to make sure that there is economic development in their field. When unions ensure productivity is sufficient, the GDP of the country rises, and it impacts on the economic growth of the country. In some cases, when the salaries and wages of workers are improved, the living standards of the citizens improve and thus the growth I the economic level is attained. Limitations With the idea that AFCU represents all trade unions in the country, the unions do not show similarity in delivering their work (Barth 2012).For example, when employers are faced by the bigger unions about their employees trade unions, they give excuses that the staff is not into the benefits achieved by smaller unions. Also, the All-China Federation Trade Union has been criticized for not demonstrating the plights of workers. It has been viewed as a bureaucratically movement (Kaufman 2004). The union does not concentrate on the interest of the workers other than other factors. Its main aim is to maintain a peaceful relation between employers and employees and create coherence atmosphere in the society. Also, the ACFTU has been viewed to concentrate their support and attention to the small and upcoming unions. Union drive is mainly triggered by the laborers force. In China, most workers have moved from the rural to the urban to seek employment.Most of they are temporarily attached to their works, and their aim is to achieve the income (Budd 2000). Thus, thy have minimal interest in joining the unions. Other workers have the phobia to adhere to the association due to the demoralization they will receive from their bosses. The initial approach to establishing a real union that protects the citizens actually, the workers demand must be involved and the government to interfere too. It will be effective as it has been seen, some states have helped the staffs to demand better wages and the negotiations were successful (Barth 2012).However, some government does not support the workers because they fear that they may cause conflict with large investors, and they may withdraw their investments.The government tends to avoid economic breakdown due to the large investors withdrawing.The government official may delay the legal petition addressed to them by the employees. The Investigations may be affected by political channels, and they may lead to unfair rulings and the workers lose petitions in the courts. In different views, the trade unions formed have varying reasons for their formation. Due to the diversification of the union structure across regions and time zones, the support from all the unions combined may not be robust enough to ensure independence in unions (Budd 2000). The unions will still be dependent on the companies and the organization thus very few rights of workers are proposed and achieved. With the idea of having all trades using the same body structure and are mandated to using the same hierarchical system, the workers lights are not considered. The unions are not independent compared to unions of the western countries (Barth 2012).Workers through unions cannot go on strikes as they will be victimized and may lose their jobs. It implies that the wage increment will not be affected. The differentiation in the industrial activity and the labor union do not support collective plights. Due to lack of unity, the unions fail to protect the workers. In a study conducted, during 2008 many employees left their jobs at the primary levels and advanced to the secondary and tertiary level. It resulted in a high firing of workers. The labor unions did not protect the staffs from the layoff (Budd 2000). Unions may act as business agents where they instill discipline to staff.They come up with the code of rules that govern the workers (Kaufman 2004).They collaborate with the firms at an aim of maximizing production. They fail to listen to the employees, and they side with the employers. For unions known to increase productivity and do not have any effect on the wages of the workers are more recommended by firm owners and the government. It contributes to rising government revenue and hence increases the GDP (Lee 2007). Measurement of Trade Union Effectiveness From the books and journals provided by the companies, they might give wrong information on the efficiency of employees and the impact the trade unions have on them. In the study of the effectiveness of the trade unions conducted, surveying method was used. The analyst reviewed the managers and the social responsibilities they practiced. The managers are driven by making the company look attractive and thus they may overstate how best they handle their staffs. The companies give wrong information to the records (Barth 2012). The get the precise measure of the effectiveness of the unions better methods have to be applied. The density of the employee should be determined first. In the short-term analysis, the difference between the area covered by the union and the registration of members should help us get the density. For other factors that independent such as the employment, wage rate and the productivity of labor, we calculate the rate by first getting the data of the total workers in the region and the average amount of their wage rate (Budd 2000).This information is found in the China Labor Yearbooks. The GDP is derived at changing the population provided to a per capita measure. Other steps can include the Union Density Trend. The trend shows a record of activities achieved in China. In the period of 1994 to 2008 the union, density decreased. The leading factor of the decrease level was the state at a reconstructing period this was termed as the reformation of the state.The state has bigger and powerful unions than those of the private sector business. During this time, workers moved from state-owned companies to private sectors. During that period, the union density decreased (Barth 2012). Additionally, another method used is the data and variable method. The information used for this process is from the private sector entities. Determine the aggregate number of private companies, then sample out two provinces. Conduct a survey on the number of businesses in each region. Look out for the trade unions developed by the private sectors. The primary study is to see if there exist trade unions that govern the businesses.The results signify that the unions have different effect on different factors (Lee 2007). In conclusion, the labor unions protecting and reinforcing the wage protection, especially trying to equalize the gap in the pay differentiation has been having been futile. The salary equalization movement has been more of theory analysis. It has been practically achieved. The only achievements the unions have made are the social benefits and welfare schemes. Secondly, the trade unions in China do not focus on the high-class individuals with a great income rate. The unions emphasize on protecting the low and middle-income earners in the society. Moreover, they have economically managed to raise the GDP of the state, and the productivity level of the staffs has significantly increased (Barth 2012). However, the increase in productivity level of employees in China does not necessary imply that it was the impact of the labor unions. Other factors that do not relate to small income earners who are motivated by the labor unions may have changed on the productivity increase.Hiring more skilled workers may result to increase in production level (Budd 2000). Due to the conflicting issues that cause coercions between workers and employees, the unions have to put more effort in fighting for workers interests (Barth 2012).The workers interest should be the primary objective of the unions the workers have less say in the working conditions provided. Moreover, they should strike a balance onto the support they give the employees and the firm owners. They should not neglect their responsibility to the government.To achieve an efficient harmony in the effectiveness of the union, they should strive to be independent. With independence thoughts, they are bound to express their roles at free rate with no bias attitude towards any party involved Reference Barth, E., Moene, K. O. (2012) Employment as a price or a prize of equality: A descriptive analysis. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 2(2), 5-33. Budd, J. W., Na, I. G. (2000). The union membership wage premium for employees covered by collective bargaining agreements: Journal of labor Economics, 18(4), 783-807. Kaufman, B. E., Freeman, R., Bennett, J. T. (2005) What Do Unions Do? The 2004 M-Brane Stringtwister Edition. What Do Unions Do? The Evidence Twenty Years Later: Journal of Labor Research XXVI (4). Lee, C. K. (2007). Against the law: Labor protests in Chinas rustbelt and Sunbelt: Univ of California Press. Lewis, H. G. (2003). Unionism and relative wages in the United States: an empirical inquiry. University of Chicago Press .

Project Management - Request For Proposal Coursework

Project Management - Request For Proposal - Coursework Example They should submit the insurance requirements they wish to undertake with details for compensation for any losses that might be incurred in the cause of the project. In the case of any problems with the submission of bids, bidders are asked to submit in writing at least three days before the submission deadline seeking for an extension of the deadline. Such an extension can only be approved once the reasons are accepted, and the specific new date given shall not extend to three days past the deadline. All other bids can still be accepted at least eight hours past the deadline. Plot no LR 216 situated in Northwind, Colorado can be accessed through Kings Street off the Hudson highway. The plot is thirty-five kilometers from the main federal office of Kansas State. A site visit can be arranged only on Fridays by contacting the public relations department of our company through the company contacts. Pre-bid meetings will be held two weeks after issuance of the RFP from eight in the morning. The meeting is meant to clarify any matters arising from the bid which will be submitted formally during the morning session by the interested bidders. The mid-morning will be used to document the matters agreed and produce printouts which will be issued at the end of the day. These printouts will contain the agreements, and for any matters that will not be clear interested bidders are still encouraged to contact the company on weekdays during working hours. The company’s procurement group representative is David Hutchinson. Any questions from bidders in the course of the bidding period are to be directed to the aforementioned person. He can be contacted through the telephone number 0803-767-7845-56, and his email address is dhutchysn347@millysports.com. Responses to the emails will not take more than twenty-four hours. Shortlisted bidders will be contacted through their email addresses. The company will further contact them to make arrangements for a pre-award

Robert Gagne's Conditions of Learning Research Paper

Robert Gagne's Conditions of Learning - Research Paper Example Learning can take place anywhere and at any time and anyone can be the benefactor of the said learning experience. In this essay, attention will be focused on the learning conditions of Robert Gagne who is famous for writing a lovely piece of literature called the Conditions of learning (Conditions of Learning (R. Gagne), 2012).   This piece of literature is an educational piece of writing that is also composed of psychological meanings and importance. By analyzing the literature, it can be seen that Robert was of the assumption that in learning, there are different types of learning that do exist and they are totally different. Some people might look at the definition of learning and see that learning is the amassing of facts that is sometimes are different while at other times are the same type of knowledge. In the journal, there are different types and levels of learning that bring about the accumulation of knowledge. From the journal, it is hard not to view Gagne as an individu al with the need for perfection (Conditions of Learning (R. ... Again from the journal, Gagne identifies that for each category, there is the need for certain conditions, both internal and external which differ from each other that is needed in order to have a meaningful learning experience (Conditions of Learning (R. Gagne), 2012).   At such a point, it is not hard to figure out where Gagne is heading. From his journal, it is safe to assume that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction in that for certain categories of learning to proceed as planned like say cognitive strategies, there has to be a certain gap in which one can practice the development of new solutions that will solve certain problems. There has to be a chance in which one can learn new attitudes of coping with learning and how to find their way around problems. While taking a look at learning in general, it is assumed that in whichever way that an individual gets the knowledge, it has fulfilled its part. From Gagne’s point of view which many might find i nteresting; learning occurs best when a certain number of tasks are done in a well organized and efficient manner (Conditions of Learning (R. Gagne), 2012).   From the journal, there are certain things that cause the concentration of an individual to be at its best. Such things are influenced by stimulus, response generation, following of procedure, the use of certain terminologies, certain discriminatory ways, and formation of concepts, application of a said or written rule and the general idea of solving problems. When the things concerning learning are placed in an orderly manner, in that they are arranged in a hierarchical way, they give rise to the much needed knowledge of how information is accumulated. The main work of the system of hierarchy

Applied Management Project Reflective Analysis

Applied Management Project Reflective Analysis Reflective analysis report is an interesting part of Applied Management Project. As an individual I had learnt lot from this project in terms of knowing my weaknesses and future lessons which are applicable in my professional life. This report demonstrates the basic concept of learning. As per my understanding the reflection report also makes us learn about others feelings and vice versa. Reflection is also known as everyday process. There are various kinds of reflection which we face on day to day basis, for instance: How was the day? Good and Bad experiences? How do I feel about it? There is no such formula to solve these question marks but it just happens in the normal life. Reflection is the best way to tackle the problems or to deal with the issues. Reflection is two way process, for instance sharing an ideas with others and same contributing in the same. According to JTCOBB (2009), the process of transforming information and experiences into knowledge is known as Learning. We can relate this definition with our dissertation experience where we are grabbing the knowledge which will be profitable in our future. The report consists of four different parts, for instance the first part illustrates the recollection of the experiences. Every human being learns something on day to day basis. Same concept is implemented while make the Applied Management Project and Reflective Analysis Report. The experiences have been demonstrated in report are related to group members, personal learning and the involvement of university staff in accomplishing the project. The different models have been used to explain the concept of learning, for an instance I had used the four stage model, which is related to different phases of dissertation. According to Gibbs (1988), reflection is the approach of describing the situation, feelings and evaluating the experience. There are six different stages in Gibbs reflective cycle and I had related same on the process of dissertation. I had also mentioned the five key lessons, which I got during the time of dissertation. These lessons will help me in the future practice. Finally the report is ended with conclusion and references. As per my personal perspective reflection analysis is the best approach to know our weaknesses and strengths. Recollection of experiences As we all finished with our first semester, ever body was waiting for the day to start there dissertation. The dissertation classes were scheduled on 15-june-09 till 19-june-09. These five days were compulsory for all the students. Many students had planned to do dissertation in their home countries. I was waiting for this day as international office informed us that we can work full time after the submission. The dissertation classes were held in University of Bedfordshire, Luton campus. The faculty divided the students into groups according to the streams. It was a good time because everybody knows that we are not going to sit together again. On the very first day the seminar class was full packed. First day The classes were started on 15-june-09 which was same for all the streams. It was a long day but the curiosity was about the dissertation topic so everybody waited till end of the session. Vincent Ong and Peter Patrick were the module leaders. They introduce all about the dissertation and had distributed handbooks to all of us. We all were doing general discussion with module tutors. At the end of session Rob Carman had discussed about the Reflection. He explained us very well. At last Vincent Ong told us to make the groups of six students. I was thinking to join some international group where I will get more exposure than joining the students from the same country. But there was no such group left, therefore I joined the previous group of semester one. The module tutors had told to appoint the group leader for the selection of topic. Our topic was Export Led Growth and to evaluate export promotion programmes of a country of our choice. It is really an interesting topic as Exports and Imports are helping the countries to improve the relations and also to improve the economies. Exports are the biggest support for Asian and other developing countries. We all had discussed the tentative structure of report in the class. It was my first time experience of doing Applied Management Project so I was nervous about it. But my group mates were supportive and cooperative. We finished the day with some discussions for the project. Second day Today we were having presentation on library resources. Most of the students were not aware of them; hence it was very important for everybody to know about it. Business school staff told us about the importance of keywords. This is the most important part of doing dissertation. Keywords make the task easy and efficient. The faculty had demonstrated the use of e-journals and e-books. I was amazed as we got lot of information in our library resources. These things made me confident and boost my energy to achieve the good results. Tutors told us to go through some articles and come back with quires for the next day. Third day In the beginning of third day everybody was ready with the questions and queries. It was an interesting and productive day as I personally grab important tips from the tutors and group mates. The tutors were helping us out for the keywords. Our group had started with literature review which I believe was the toughest part of the report. The business school staffs were putting more attention of students to maintain diary entries. As per my perspective it was a good approach of diary entries as it keeps an individual aligned with the task. It had really helped me during my dissertation. I was maintaining by putting everyday experiences, learning and had maintained the list of references. The management had arranged five tutors for five different groups and we were free to discuss about the topic with all of them. I am thankful to the university staff that helped us in the dissertation classes. Fourth day Today our group had started with aims and objectives. It was again a discussion session and tutors told us to discuss the issues within the groups. It was a good idea because everybody had gone through some of the journals. I was confused with the literature review therefore my group mates helped me out for the same. As it was a secondary research we were asked to emphasize on journals, books and magazines. They were against Wikipedia which I believe is right. The information given on Wikipedia is sometimes fake and anybody can edit their views, therefore we were asked to avoid the use of Wikipedia. This was the summary of fourth day. Fifth day The last day of our dissertation classes was bit sad as everybody was going to be split. Many of students were going to their home countries for doing Applied Management Project. I had left with three of my group mates. We shared our email ids for the further conversation about the project. The learning support tutor had given important tips for the report writing. Prof.Brain finally told us about the plagiarism. He had explained us the previous case and his personal experience when student gives excuses about plagiarism. At the end of the day students Vincent Ong had welcomed the students for quires. The students had clarified the doubts by module leaders and this was end of the session. Personal feelings and Learning from the Experiences As per my perspective the reflective report really helps an individual in expressing the feelings and learning experienced during the project. It is as opportunity for a person to know about the internal weaknesses which can be eliminated for the future prospects. Also it gives an opportunity to know other in terms of nature, style of working and cultures. This is the best way of knowing each other. This report illustrates the assessment criteria for the reflective report for International Marketing course. This is an individual as well as integrated report which shows the contribution of work done during the Applied Management Project. The main motif of the report is to explore our self in terms of expressing the experiences learnt during this time period. It is an overview which summarised the list of learning and experiences during dissertation. The below figure demonstrates different stages of reflection. The first stage shows initial step of reflective practice. Since I am learner, it is very important to know where I am good. I had related this model while doing the secondary research. As per my perspective, I had developed a good confidence level which I think is very important for an individual to survive in this competitive world. The second stage is related to the personal skills. An individual should be aware that what skills they need, for instance the person is having lack of leadership quality or lack of communication, therefore it is very important to aware of these things and to rectify them as well. During the project I felt these weaknesses which had been improved at the end of dissertation. The third stage is about implementing and monitoring. This stage was to start writing the report and to monitor the things going around. In this stage I had found my group mates very helpful and supportive. The university resources really had really helped out in doing the relevant research. The final stage had been related to evaluate evidence. The things were very critical on this stage as the report was nearly finished. For me it was very important to go through the work done and to make it more presentable. I had faced many hurdles on this stage but with my hard work and concentration, I had finished it before time. During the project I had learnt lot of things which I believe will be useful in my professional life. Reflective practice is not only to express the experiences; it also addressed the problems and hurdles faced while doing this report. As it was a group work but I had faced lot of ups and downs during the project. It is not very easy to co-ordinated with the individuals from different cultures as everybody is having different nature. My experienced was not very good with the group members as there was lack of co-ordination during this time period. I should have done little better if my group mates had joined me from the very first day. Personal dynamics and learning from the experience This was the good practice to express our self but as I had mentioned in the beginning the absenteeism of others had really affected my personal dynamics. In the initial stage I was dynamic and was expecting same from my group members. Unfortunately we were not able to sit together for the discussing and sharing ideas. This thing had distracted me from the target but later on after couple of weeks, my group mates had joined me, which made me happy and motivated to achieve the target on time. It was a good experience while working with different people from different cultures. I had personally gained many things while doing the project which had built up the confidence and had boosted my energy for future prospects. At the very early stage I was not very confidence on finding the key words for the research. But as the time moves I had learnt about the key words which I believe is very important for all the students. In the middle of my project the group mates were dynamic were helping each a lot. They were more supportive and helpful which made the project interesting and productive. According to Paula Freire(2000), active and reflective process an good approach for learning. An individual is not only learning from talking and writing, it also learns things from events and experiences. I believed that this is true as I had learnt a lot from discussions and sharing ideas. The integration of action and reflection creates a new knowledge. These both factors are very important to construct the knowledge. In the short reflection is the proper channel to work on critical analysis, solving problems, evaluating and creating meaning. I had related this with my dissertation course where we need to do analysis on the assigned topic. This leads to solve the problems and finally create the meaning for the same. According to Lew and Schmidt (2007), self-reflection helps students to become better learners, which I believe is true as we came to know our strengths and weaknesses. I am thankful to my group as they had appreciated the work done by me and vice versa. It is very important to appreciate the work, because this thing boosts the person to perform well. The supervisor consultants had also helped us out to accomplish the report on time. They were very prompt and helpful in answering the queries. Lessons for the future project I was very important and interesting module which helped me and all of my group members to enhance the personal skills. As we know learning never ends therefore what I had learnt will definitely help me in the future. There were many ups and downs while doing the project but I personally feel that it was part of our work. While working in the team it is very important to listen others what they say. It is more important to understand each other which make the task easy and efficient. Initially I had faced problems with my group members but in the middle of my project it was started running smoothly. After graduation most of the students started seeking for the jobs, which gives the another opportunity to work in business environment. While working professionally an individual have to maintain and organise many things. Reflection as discussed above is a process of evaluating, solving and generating the meaningful knowledge from our learnings. As we know that the countries are coming close due to globalisation and one should never know in which environment he/she is going to work. A person should mould according to the environment, the same thing I had learnt from the reflection analysis and during the dissertation. While working in the team it is very important to observe about the context and to contribute the ideas for the same. No doubt while discussing there might be arguments among the group members which can be resolved internally. This also helps in the professional life where we face these things on day to day basis. In todays busy life one should aware to time management which helps the person in achieving the target on time. During the time of Applied Management Project I met different kind of people which had helped me for some good ideas. It built up the confidence if we meet more people, as everyone has different idea for one topic. Having more ideas tends to be more qualitative rather than quantitative. Further I am going to highlight the five key lessons learnt during the Applied Management Project. Team work From the very beginning of our Maters degree, tutors had emphasized on working together as a team, which I believe is very important in this competitive world where the targets are very tough to achieve individually. Initially we were not able to co-ordinate with each other but later on it was fine which leads us to achieve the goal on time. According to Jonathan and Alan (2006), negotiating on different views where every individual comes across with different idea tends to work in a group which makes the task easier and achievable. Communication Communication plays an important role while working as a part of team or working individually. As I am an international student, it is very important for me to commute in the way that others do. Good communication resolves the solution as well as impresses the interviewer while attending the interviews. My personal thinking is that I had really enhanced my communication during this time period. Well organised In the beginning of this module the tutors had emphasized us to maintain the diary entries. This thing really keeps the person on track and saves the time. I had maintained the diary for keeping the brief summary on day to day basis. This thing made me aware for the next day planning during Applied Management Project. Diary keeping had helped me in projecting the target of dissertation; therefore finally I had submitted the report on time. Conclusion As per my perspective the practice of reflective analysis helps an individual in knowing the weakness and strengths. It is all about the personal feelings and the observation done during the time of project. I personally believe that these lessons will help me in my professional life, where I have to face or interact with different people from different back grounds. Conclusion has been made on the bases of lessons learnt during the project. Reflection makes the person more transparent which do not create miss understanding while working in the group. For the initial stage the tutors were telling us to work as a team which I believe is a good approach to achieve the target in the specific time. Various models had been implemented in the report which relates to our day to day learnings. I personally believe that learning never stops therefore it is another turn of cycle which built our confidence to tackle the problem.

Comparing Individuality and Transcendence in Wordsworth, Tennyson, and

Individuality and Transcendence in Wordsworth, Tennyson, and Joyce      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The development of the scientific method started a revolution in thought   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   that changed how people viewed the world. Scientists tested theories by   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   creating experiments and carefully observing the results. The importance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of scientific discoveries raised questions about the role of the observer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     According to Ralph Koster, the importance of observation in science led to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the rise of the individual and an awareness of subjectivity. Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   realized that the individual could determine the outcome of an experiment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and that people could interpret events differently depending on prior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   experience.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to changing the role of the individual, science also changed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   people's views on religion. By contemplating experimental results,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   scientists created rules for how the universe operated. Nature became a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   knowable force that scientists described in a logical collection of laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, science took away much of the world's mystery and changed how people   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   viewed God. If the universe operated by rules, it wasn't necessary for God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to be involved every moment. God became a clockmaker who started the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   universe and sat back to let it run.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rise of individuality and changing views on religion resulted in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   insecurity and isolation. Before the Romantic era, achieving oneness was   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   often thought of as an act of grace given in mysterious moments. God was   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ineffable, but just. Because science encouraged the clockmaker view of ... ...nity. He embraces it all in a unique   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vision. Amazingly, in this total embrace, he recovers mystery lost in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   modern civilization.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joyce, James. "The Dead." The Norton Anthology English Literature. Ed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     M.H. Abrams. New York: WW Norton, 2000. 2240-68.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Koster, Ralph. "Seeking the Beyond" 29 March 3003.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.legendmud.org/Ralph/papers/transcendence.html      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wordsworth, William. "Preface to Lyrical Ballads." The Norton Anthology   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: WW Norton, 2000. 238-50      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wordsworth, William. "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey." The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Norton Anthology English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: WW Norton,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2000. 235-237.               

As Psychology Locus of Control Essay

Discuss the role of locus of control on independent behaviour. (12 marks) Locus of control refers to a person’s perception of personal control over their own behaviour. There are two types of locus of control; internal and external. Internal locus of control occurs when individuals feel they are in control of their behaviour and are responsible for their actions. External locus of control occurs when individuals feel their behaviour is controlled by external forces (e. g. luck or fate) and they are not responsible for their own actions. Those with internal locus of control are more likely to show independent behaviour and resist the pressures to conform or obey whereas those with external locus of control are more likely to obey and conform. High internals do not rely on the opinions of others. They are better able to resist coercion and are more achievement-orientated. High internal locus of control has been linked to leadership and individuals with high internal locus of control are more likely to become entrepreneurs. Anderson and Schneier found that group members possessing an internal locus of control were more likely to emerge as leaders in their groups. This may be because individuals who take responsibility for their own actions feel that they can cause changes in their environment, including the behaviour of those around them. There is lots of research evidence to support locus of control. Oliner and Oliner found that people who had gone against the majority and protected the Jews from the Nazis tended to score higher on measures of internal locus of control. This means they believed they had influence over events in their life including success and failures. It may be this that made them independent. Also, Elms and Milgram found that the people that were disobedient in Milgram’s study of obedience shows higher internal locus of control and social responsibility. Avtigis did a meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship between locus of control and conformity and found high scores of external locus of control were more likely to conform than those with a low score. The average correlation between locus of control and conformity was 0. 37. This suggests that there are higher rates of conformity shown in external locus of control when compared to internal locus of control. There are a number of problems with using a meta-analysis. The studies are secondary data that the researcher has compiled. This means the study could suffer from researcher bias as they may have only found studies that supported their view. Also, as the study is correlational, cause and effect cannot be established. It does not comment on why there is a link or which factors were most important it only states that there is a relationship between the two variables. However, as the data is secondary data there are no ethical issues linked to the use of a meta-analysis to study the patterns between locus of control and conformity. On the other hand, Williams and Warchal gave 30 students a range of conformity tasks based on Asch’s study and assessed them using the Rotter’s locus of control scale. They found that those who conformed were the least assertive but did not score differently on the locus of control scale. This suggests that assertion may be more important in conformity than locus of control. There are also research studies that suggest that independent behaviour can be fostered or encouraged through modelling. Nemeth and Chiles found that those who had been exposed to a minority (four participants, one confederate) who gave a different answer were more likely to stand their ground and defy the majority in the second part of the experiment when they became a minority (four confederates, one participant). This study implies that exposure to a model of independent behaviour can influence the individual’s ability to stand firm against the majority and resist the group pressure to conform. However, there are problems with research into locus of control. Many of the studies that support locus of control are carried out in laboratories. This means they lack ecological validity and the results may not be applicable to real life situations. Also, demand characteristics may be present. The participant may have guessed the aim of the experiment and acted accordingly to fit the results they assume the researcher wanted. Also, it is difficult to measure personality. The use of questionnaires could mean that the studies suffer from social desirability bias as people may have altered their answers to appear more normal or to fit with what they assume the researcher wanted. Lastly, situational factors may be more important as personality is not always consistent. McGuire found that conforming behaviour differed across situations. If conformists and independents are not consistent in their behaviour it is hard to conclude that it is their personality that solely affects their choice whether or not to conform. Situational factors may influence behaviour too as they tend to conform in certain situations but not in others.

Transgender Students At High Education Essay - 852 Words

It is difficult, if not impossible, to quantify transgender students in higher education across the nation. In a national Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education (NASPA) and Center for Collegiate Mental Health (CCMH) survey of a random sample of 21,686 college students in 2010, .1% (n=29) identified their gender as transgender, and .3% (n=57) identified as â€Å"other† (Effrig, Bieschke, Locke, 2011). Though this provides some useful insight regarding the number of transgender students on campuses nationally, the sample was not representative and so the results cannot be extrapolated to accurately reflect the total number of transgender students in the U.S. Despite the lack of population statistics, transgender students are gaining increasing attention among researchers, policy makers, and institutional leaders because of their unique challenges, experiences, and identities (Bilodeau Renn, 2005; Effrig et al., 2011; Krum, Davis, Galupo, 2013). In this paper, I will define and use the term â€Å"transgender† according to how it has been described by Bilodeau (2005) and Bilodeau and Renn (2005). Traditionally gendered (or cisgendered) individuals are those whose biological sex at birth aligns with their male or female gender identity and behaviors. Conversely, transgendered (also referred to in this paper as trans) individuals’ gender identity or gender expression is incongruent with their biological sex and/or societal expectations. â€Å"Transgender† serves as a sort ofShow MoreRelatedTransgender Kids and Their Right to Choose to Go to Any Bathroom They Please1810 Words   |  7 Pagescenters around the heated debate over whether Transgender kids should be able to choose what restroom they would like to use based solely on their gender identity. Breaking new ground and blazing new trails to create equality for all is the state of California. 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